Fragile X Syndrome and Its Impact on Children's Language Essay

Delicate X Syndrome and Its Impact on Children's Language - Essay Example The condition, likewise called Martin-Bell disorder, is factually moderate to serious in young men and typically shows a gentle type of impedance in young ladies. From 15% to 20% of those with Fragile X condition (FXS) display medically introverted sort conduct, for example, helpless eye to eye connection, hand fluttering, and poor tangible aptitudes (Edelson, 1995, para. 2). Guys with delicate X disorder may show medically introverted like practices, yet it's anything but a significant reason for chemical imbalance. Around 15 percent of people with delicate X condition may meet analytic standards sooner or later in their lives. The figure above shows the most widely recognized delicate X transformation an extension of additional DNA inside a particular segment of the FMR1 quality. In the premutation, the extension is generally little, in any case, in the full transformation the development is very huge and is typically joined by unusual methylation. The nearness of unusual methylation prompts diminished creation or nonappearance of the FMR1 quality's protein item, called FMRP. The particular capacity of FMRP in the human cerebrum is as of now under examination; current proof proposes it might be associated with the guideline of proteins delivered by different qualities. Certain physical attributes can be found in a person with delicate X disorder. ... Other unmistakable highlights are high-angled sense of taste, strabismus (languid eye), and, some of the time, gentle heart valve anomalies. Blood tests to decide levels of delicate X mental hindrance protein should be possible to analyze the condition and a few medicines can be embraced just as utilization of mellow prescriptions and treatment for discourse, language and tactile improvement. Hereditary directing is suggested (Edelson, 1995). In 1991, the delicate X quality (FMR1) was described and found to contain a tandemly rehashed arrangement, and the bigger the size of this stage in a lady, the more hazard that full change can happen in her posterity (Fragile X: Diagnostic, para. 3). The genotype can be resolved all the more precisely with DNA testing. Full transformation happens with one out of 3,600 guys and one of every 4,000-6,000 females (Smith, 2006). Different degrees of change, be that as it may, happen in one out of 1,200 guys and one out of 2,500 females, and testing ought to be considered in the accompanying cases: People of either sex with mental hindrance, formative deferral, or chemical imbalance, particularly on the off chance that they have (an) any physical or conduct attributes of delicate X disorder, (b) a family ancestry of delicate X condition, or (c) male or female family members with undiscovered mental impediment. People looking for regenerative advising who have (an) a family ancestry of delicate X disorder or (b) a family ancestry of undiscovered mental hindrance. Embryos of realized transporter moms. Patients who have a cytogenetic delicate X test result that is dissonant with their phenotype. These incorporate patients who have a solid clinical sign (counting danger of being a bearer) and who have had a negative or equivocal test outcome, and patients with an

The Relationship of Torvald and Nora Essay -- A Dolls House Henrik Ibs

The Relationship of Torvald and Nora Toward the start of the play, Nora and Helmer appear to have an upbeat marriage, in spite of the fact that it is a serious adolescent relationship as Helmer regularly utilizes small language and names, for example, ‘songbird’ or ‘squirrel to converse with Nora. In any case, before the finish of the play Nora appears to have changed. The way Nora talks changes from being a little youngster to being like a lady. At long last, she leaves Torvald. Toward the beginning of the play Nora talks in an infantile way. You notice this when she makes statements, for example, ‘heaps’ and ‘the incredible blue sky’. This shows she is intellectually guileless. She expresses these things as a kid would state them. For instance, the lines that she talks have a parcel of outcry focuses and as Nora expresses a few things she bounces up also, down or applauds, this shows the adolescent way she acts. Torvald addresses her in exceptionally over-sentimental language and it appears as despite the fact that possibly it isn’t genuine and their affection is simply part of a game. It is so sentimental it appears as if he is attempting to persuade himself that he cherishes her. He makes statements, for example, ‘squirrel’, ‘lark’ or ‘songbird’. Warblers are kept in confines so this may have something to do with Nora’s circumstance as Torvald controls the manner in which she thinks thus she is confined in his reality. Torvald additionally acts in a fatherly way towards Nora and disparages her. Helmer utilizes the word ‘little’ a great deal when he addresses Nora. He calls her his ‘little Nora’ or ‘little creature’ which shows that their relationship is by all accounts more fatherly than conjugal. Helmer treats Nora like a girl. This is extremely observable when he gets things done like kissing her on the temple or putting his arm around her. Helmer furthermore, Nora play a game and Nora controls Hel... ...lived by performing stunts for you, Torvald.’ She likewise says that Torvald had her as his ‘doll-wife’ and that Torvald played with her as the youngsters played with their dolls. At the point when she declares that she is going to leave him Torvald responds at first by attempting to prohibit her from leaving ‘I will not permit it! I prohibit it!’ and since this doesn’t work Helmer attempts to utilize religion as a contention with the goal that she doesn’t leave. Additionally, he proposes that society will look on her seriously, and afterward he begs her not to leave and says that he’ll change for her. Nonetheless, Nora had her set see despite the fact that Helmer attempted to utilize quality, religion and his sweet appeal to keep her at home. At long last Nora leaves. She pummels the entryway as she goes which shows a representative cut between her previous life and the existence that she is going to lead. She has at last gone out.

Marble Cinery Urn Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marble Cinery Urn - Term Paper Example The significant topic of the workmanship on the cinery urn is crown jewels of a war. It is a hitting rectilinear box secured with parts of war like weapon shield, heaps of trophies, carriages, and clubs. The fragmentary idea of the marble cinery urn makes it all the more enrapturing. The boards making the piece are of high caliber, distinguishing the urn as a special commission. Other accessible urns are crates and jars which make this kind of procure interesting. The name of the expired was recorded on the front however the composing is absent. The marble cinery urn was uncovered in south East Rome in a tomb in Anagni in the year 1899. The craftsmanship and the iconography of the workmanship recognize it as stone caskets of the mid magnificent period. (metmuseum.org, n.p) A memorial urn shows the presence of dependability, love and the magnificence of antiquated culture. Social messages to the perished were handily put across utilizing the urns and different pictures. There are different sorts of urns each with various purposes and social significance. Old Romans could pick between covering their dead or incinerating them, the decision was left for the family to choose. Incineration was increasingly predominant in this time since the covering was progressively outside before the second century AD. This act of incineration is apparent in their craft. Pictures and the topics of the dead and those grieving were regular in the verse. The urns were utilized to store the remains of the dead after incineration. The marble cinery urn portrayed above was most likely used to store a survivor of war that is the reason the urn has the weaponry engraved on the external surface of the urn. The urns containing the cinders were set in underground loads or tombs with every individual urn having its own space. The loads were close to home properties or aggregate cemetery. There was large scale manufacturing of the urns however every urn was customized that is the reason every urn is not quite the same as the other. Customarily a last moan flagged the demise of an individual. The family members of the expired would encompass the passing bed reciting their name. Calling of the name would be done consistently to guarantee that the expired had truly kicked the bucket and for the entombment procedure to formally begin. Individuals accepted that this training was comparing inhale and the spirit. A nearby relative would give an expired a last kiss to get the spirit. The perished eyes were additionally shut. Much weight was given to final expressions of a withering individual (Hope, 168). Bodies were expelled from the passing beds put on their knees for quite a while and afterward put on the ground for the female family members to clean it. Wrapping cada vers with a dark fabric or a white frock flagged the beginning of the wake. All distinctions the expired had accomplished in life were set on the perished and two cypress branches were planted on the passageway of the home. This was to show that there was a carcass in that particular house. Bodies were put on a burial service beds in the living arrangement, where individuals gave their last regards. To demonstrate a quiet passing the expired feet were put confronting the entryway (Hope and Marshall ,34) . Funerary practices had long standing customs alluded to as mos maiorum drawn from Roman conventions and religion. It was one of the methods through which social and family legacy was protected and celebrated. Burial service parades (pompa) were made open with proficient grievers being a piece of it. Rich families procured on-screen characters who might move in an ironical manner to frighten off malevolence spirits. Mirroring the way of life and discourse of the perished was finishe d by the on-screen characters. Wax veils were worn by those speaking to the family’s precursors who were conspicuous. Melodies, songs and different serenades

Elements of Essay Writing

<h1>Elements of Essay Writing</h1><p>Students ought to consistently guarantee that they comprehend the components of paper composing Mcas A-level and that they utilize this so as to compose the exposition all alone. On the off chance that they don't completely comprehend the point, at that point they will be unequipped for composing an exposition. Henceforth, a couple of words on the essential components are vital before one beginnings composing an essay.</p><p></p><p>Essay composing ought to consistently be liberated from linguistic blunders. This is significant and it ought not be trifled with. Language structure isn't so natural for an understudy to ace. There are numerous elements that can influence the right utilization of syntax and one of these is the speaker and his/her educating style.</p><p></p><p>The topic of the exposition Mcas is indispensable. The subject ought not be excessively explicit but instead ough t to be sufficiently wide to empower the understudies to communicate their musings well. So as to make the subject of the exposition pragmatic, one ought to obviously depict the reason and the advantages that they will get from the article.</p><p></p><p>The finish of the paper Mcas is the last part. So as to enable the understudies to sum up all the points examined, one should ensure that the end is nitty sufficiently gritty. There are numerous methods of completing a structure yet one should attempt to make a basic one that is compelling. One ought to likewise be nitty gritty when discussing the most significant focuses that should be remembered.</p><p></p><p>The arrangement of the exposition can be whatever you want it to be. It very well may be a short article or a long structure. The substance of the paper can change contingent upon what the understudies need to compose. A portion of the themes could be; family life, home, work, sc hool, concentrate thus on.</p><p></p><p>There are a few people who are generally excellent at paper composing. They can make an appealing piece in a brief timeframe. Be that as it may, for other people, the undertaking is simply too enormous and sets aside a long effort to complete.</p><p></p><p>The normal slip-up of numerous understudies is the utilization of written falsification. A few understudies expound a lot on themselves in their articles and not frequently enough about their point. Once in a while, they pick the main point that they experience and simply rehash the data about themselves in this one.</p><p></p><p>The author must consider all the components of article writing so as to accomplish a decent paper. In the event that one can utilize the correct information on these parts, at that point they will have the option to compose an influential paper. Great exposition composing will give an impression to the peruser with regards to whether they merit perusing or not.</p>

Apa Citation Example Paper Reviews & Guide

<h1> Apa Citation Example Paper Reviews &amp; Guide </h1> <p>For model, if there's an organization representative or a distribution you may utilize that has the indistinguishable data, at that point reference that. On the off chance that your exploration paper contains a source which you can't find, you might not have any decision but to reference it as talked about in an optional source. However, it's plausible you may in any case need to specify the name of an association or association at some point or another in the paper. For instance, before referencing an organization name in a paper, you will need to initially ask yourself whether you're utilizing the proper composing style. </p> <p>APA suggests five-level heading structure dependent on the level of subjection. APA group requests some general arranging gauges. APA style empowers papers written in precisely the same field to utilize comparative shows for specific items. The APA style is most e very now and again prompted for the sociologies and friends. </p> <p>Though a writing audit can be used in all the different scholarly styles promptly accessible, the most regular is APA style. Since in-text references aren't as normal in story style, a very careful list of sources is significant to forestall literary theft and give credit where required. To make a great writing audit in APA style you should realize exactly what it's required to cause it to show up great. </p> <h2> The Most Popular Apa Citation Example Paper </h2> <p>If it comes to APA direct citations, moreover, there are steps to watch. Stage Seven contains a concise instance of a layout. </p> <h2> Ruthless Apa Citation Example Paper Strategies Exploited</h2> <p>After you have that secured, you will see how to reference an enterprise's name effectively as indicated by that style, as to avoid written falsification or hurting the organization's notoriety. You will see every one of the significant focuses and their web hotspot fo r your benefit! In light of such a work you're refering to, you may need to incorporate additional information. Our client service will happily reveal to you whether there are any unique proposals right now, and ensure you are getting the absolute best help our business can deliver.</p> <p>If an author might want to reference his own distributed work, it's refered to precisely the same as some other of such a work. The full title of your paper ought to show up again toward the start of the main body. On the off chance that you may go along with us face to face, we'd truly prefer to have you. My head is starting to hurt. </p> <p>An integrative paper is a methods for an understudy to plainly show his present-day supposition with respect to a specific topic at the current point in time. For example feeling capacities as watchman to our decision. In brain research, the idea that everybody resembles us is known as the bogus agreement predisposition. Incredulity, i nterest and a sentiment of experimentation are essential to cause the appropriation of proof based practice in management.</p> <h2> The Ultimate Approach for Apa Citation Example Paper</h2> <p>Besides scholastics, likewise, it creates references for motion pictures too. As of now you can need to utilize references from various records or past papers. As expressed by the APA reference prerequisites, diary titles ought to be given in full. In the event that there's definitely no page, (for example, on sites), the passage number might be utilized. </p> <p>For occurrence, in case you're checking on learns about understudy inspiration, clarify that it's imperative to instructors and guardians to be aware of what persuades understudies to realize, and incorporate if there's been pretty much nothing or a lot of exploration about it. Understudies shouldn't have the choice to deal with the ground or a lounge chair. They have occupied existences and regular ly disregard a forthcoming cutoff time. Understudies should utilize an appropriate numbering for one of a kind areas. </p> <p>A paper of any generous length will presumably require a finish of a few passages as a way to successfully achieve an end's motivation. The underlying two segments of your paper following your presentation can cover the two things that you're looking into independently. The page number 1 should be flush right top, as well. By method of model, each page of a paper should have a running head. </p> <h2> The Honest to Goodness Truth on Apa Citation Example Paper</h2> <p>The Governor's spending proposition is just the underlying advance in a six-month technique to get to a last state financial plan for 201819. Tables are a great method to show a decent arrangement of information in a succinct, clear and easy to understand group. It's conceivable to find an incredible model here. </p> <h2> Whispered Apa Citation Examp le Paper Secrets </h2> <p>If you might want your paper to maintain the best proficient norm, ensure that you're taking the suitable activities in organizing your reference page. Prior to starting composition, ensure your report is organized appropriately. The subsequent page is known as the Abstract. Fitting designing is a basic part of a composition. </p> <p>Place an abbreviated variant of the title of the activity in enclosure along with the page number in the event that you didn't make reference to it prior. Which kind of reference you use relies on the referencing style. In the occasion the title is excessively long, the absolute initial scarcely any words might be utilized. Indisputably the most significant title is incorporated with the most fitting arrangement. </p> <p>Just take a look at our in text reference APA model in the occasion you haven't saw appropriately. In many examples the reference will go at the end of the sentence, however in a couple of situations where you're talking about an idea in more than 1 sentence, you will set the reference after a lot of sentences which are on the whole examining precisely the same thought or idea. Utilize a general organization reference just when you can't do something else. It's additionally shrewd to refresh any reference of prior forms on the off chance that it's been changed. </p> <h2>Apa Citation Example Paper Secrets </h2> <p>A science paper has a particular arrangement of rules that must be followed with the end goal for it to be powerful. It's sensible to expect, by method of model, that different researchers will comprehend what a recepticle is and the best approach to gauge fluid. It is vital to remember that science papers are perused by different researchers, and along these lines you don't should clarify everything in detail. Science papers are amazingly unique in relation to rambling human sciences papers which frequently have signifi cantly more room in states of descriptive words, overstatement and other emotive language. </p> <p>There was additionally confound in number of laborers inside ranges of abilities in correlation with industry guidelines. Across learning foundations, it's a prerequisite to compose your paper in a given manner. Looking for some kind of employment specifies exactly the same difficulties, as most all applications solicit whether the candidate was indicted from a crime. A way to list the reference of some other understudy's paper is to bring each piece of the passage individually. </p>

How to Get Your Essay Topics on Time

<h1>How to Get Your Essay Topics on Time</h1><p>Getting your liberal article subjects on time will truly have any kind of effect. To abstain from composing late, here are five hints on the most proficient method to get your articles on schedule for review.</p><p></p><p>First off, you have to consistently keep in touch with the best of your capacity and ensure you get the entirety of the spelling and sentence structure botches. This will truly assist you with making your subjects look better and assist you with building your evaluation. Remember to utilize the right pronouns. You will see that understudies are reviewing the articles simultaneously as your assignments so remember to check their essays.</p><p></p><p>Second, don't make any subject related inquiries on your exposition points. Ensure you abstain from offering significant expressions that will make your subject be off point or confounding. Ensure you remain i nside the alloted subject and ensure it is very clear.</p><p></p><p>Third, keep the entirety of your key focuses in your sentence and consider them and don't leave them to the peruser to deduce from. Expound on why you feel or what you need to state without making anybody think you know more than you do.</p><p></p><p>Fourth, avoid being too explicit when you expound on pertinent data. The more explicit you are the more individuals are going to see it the less they will recall what you composed. You can go into profundity about significant points however maintain a strategic distance from simply utilizing single word or proclamation to clarify your opinion.</p><p></p><p>Fifth, compose each section around one sentence to help keep it short and simple to peruse. Try not to be disheartened on the off chance that you can't keep in touch with one section on the grounds that there are a huge number of individuals who c an compose papers regarding the matter. Simply do what is generally agreeable for you and compose each paragraph.</p><p></p><p>Using these five hints will assist you with abstaining from composing your paper subjects on schedule and will assist you with making your evaluations higher. Make certain to check the task plan so you know when you are expected. Attempt to expound on what you need to state and don't attempt to clarify a lot of on the grounds that you may befuddle the peruser and not permit them to get it.</p>

Contents For a Compare and Contrast Essay

<h1>Contents For a Compare and Contrast Essay</h1><p>Contents for a thoroughly analyze article that are the things that make it unique. These thoughts are what you can concentrate on and when composing the substance for your article, you will have something to work with. This will be the fundamental plan to assist you with concentrating on, so you can support understudies and grown-ups to peruse your compose up.</p><p></p><p>Different individuals read in an alternate way. At the point when they are understanding papers, a few understudies read significantly quicker. They read for realities and they need to overcome as quick as could be expected under the circumstances. A few understudies need more opportunity to peruse the substance, since they have to consider what they are perusing and where they are going with it.</p><p></p><p>Some understudies are keen on perusing since they need to gain proficiency with an alterna te perspective. For instance, on the off chance that somebody is energetic about a point, at that point they might need to know how the other individual ponders a similar subject. The other individual can be a companion or an instructor. The fact of the matter is, they have a feeling that they are energetic about and they need you to think about it.</p><p></p><p>Some understudies read with a great deal of feeling, as they need to discover what the other individual is thinking. At the point when an understudy peruses, they do it since they have feeling or they need to discover what the other individual is feeling. These individuals will frequently feel a type of association with the point. At the point when they are perusing, they need to figure out how the others are feeling.</p><p></p><p>For an author to have the option to write in an alternate manner, it is imperative to take a gander at the two sides of the discussion and take a gan der at the various perspectives. One approach to achieve this is to host a third get-together remark on your point. There are a lot of individuals that are eager to remark on the data you give, so you can all the more likely comprehend what is going on.</p><p></p><p>These individuals can offer their thoughts and they can assist you with thinking of your own. At the point when you comprehend their musings and what they trust in, at that point you can ask them inquiries about the subject that will assist you with bettering comprehend the point. They can likewise assist you with seeing things from an alternate perspective that you may not know of.</p><p></p><p>There are a wide range of points of view that can be discovered when you take a gander at all of the various perspectives. You may see that your feelings about a theme may change on account of another perspective. It is essential to think about all the various perspectives and see w hat you can gain from them.</p><p></p><p>If you need to all the more likely comprehend your understudies, it is critical to compose the substance for a thoroughly analyze paper around two distinct perspectives. In the event that the outsider remark is sufficient, at that point you can incorporate a couple of something else. From that point, you will have the option to think of a superior comprehension of the topic.</p>

Essay Examples - An Online Course in Writing for a College Degree

<h1>Essay Examples - An Online Course in Writing for a College Degree</h1><p>Stockton College's recruiting procedure for your vocation way is thorough and it is critical to have a fruitful application. This can be troublesome on the off chance that you don't have a smart thought about these exposition models, and what is the proper organization to utilize. These are brief instances of composing for a school essay.</p><p></p><p>Vanderbilt University is known for its initial confirmations process, which leaves a few affirmations officials scratching their heads. To plan for the affirmations procedure, one must make a stride back and break down their past profession achievements. For the understudy, the choice to change majors is a significant choice and ought not be treated as a pattern that will no longer have esteem. There is nothing of the sort as a vocation decision or significant that one should require with an end goal to improve their ca reer.</p><p></p><p>An paper essayist should realize how to think as far as profession open doors that the individual in question has achieved and the purposes for this achievement. This enables a peruser to perceive how well the individual in question will adjust to a vocation as a lifelong change. This provides some insight into the kind of profession way a potential boss might want to see.</p><p></p><p>A author that centers around the significant duties of composing for a specific industry will underline their own novel perspective on realities. An individual with a decent reputation of polished skill and in a comparative vocation field as the one the individual is applying for will go over in a superior light.</p><p></p><p>When going after a position at a school, paper models are additionally required in light of the fact that the school may request a resume of your work encounters. They would be interested a bout your expert foundation and might need to take a gander at your resume also. One favorable position of composing for a school is that they are typically searching for a bookkeeper or a legal counselor, however a lawyer is unquestionably desirable.</p><p></p><p>As awriter, it is significant to guarantee that you complete your semester arrangement course before going after a position. This empowers you to be acquainted with the school's prerequisites, which will help while applying for work after graduation. It's smarter to come out of your semester study program with a degree and a bid for employment than to be dismissed, which could leave an author in an unacceptable position. In the event that you are acknowledged, consistently be prepared to respond to inquiries in detail, and ensure that your application has been appropriately filled out.</p><p></p><p>Stockton College exposition models are a decent method to get a head start for the following phase of your vocation. Your training will keep on being significant, and composing for school is one approach to do so.</p>

September 11 Insurance Industry Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sept. 11 attacks exposed insurance industry to new and unheard costs of global terrorism. Terrorist attacks on Sept. 11 were the most expensive insurance event in history till that date. Sept. 11 attacks cost about $40 billion to the insurance industry (Hartwig, 2002). The previous biggest single event insurance loss was $19 billion for Hurricane Andrew (Hartwig, 2002). Insurance losses from Sep 11 attacks are almost double the losses from any event before that. The most significant aspect of this huge insurance loss was that insurance companies paid claims for an event that wasnt even properly priced in premiums. Terrorism related insurance was covered but not clearly defined and demarcated in insurance policies. â€Å"The unthinkable was insured† said Mr. Leidthe (Williams, 2002). The extent of Sept. 11 losses has changed the risk profile of insurance industry dramatically. Lloyds Chairman S. Riley said â€Å"In a world post September 11, when the very nature of risk has so fundamentally altered..† (Lloyds, 2001). Extent of insurance losses Sept. 11 attacks cost about $40 bil lion to the insurance industry (Hartwig, 2002). The majority of losses were borne by the non-life insurers with life insurers paying about $2.7 billion only. Though life insurance loss is not significant as that of non-life insurance, yet it was substantial figure in itself and by far the highest single event life insurance loss till date. The table 1 below shows the line of business losses for Sep 11 attacks. The highest single line loss was suffered for business interruption and its share of total losses was 27 percent. The combined loss suffered by property line was 24 percent. Table 1 Line business losses for the insurance industry $ billion Insurance Losses % Property WTC 1 2 3.5 9% Property Other 6.0 15% Business Interruption 11.0 27% Life 2.7 7% Workers compensation 2.0 5% Aviation 4.0 10% Other 11.0 27% Total 40.2 100% (Source: Insurance Information Institute, 2002a) The losses incurred by the insurance industry were unprecedented in many aspects. It was the largest single event insurance loss both in terms of natural and man-made disasters till that date. It was also the first time when losses were catastrophic in life insurance, disability and worker compensation insurance sectors. It was also the largest loss for the aviation insurance. Insurance industry had previously also faced terror losses. The table 2 below lists the major terrorist attack losses in past. The previous highest insured property loss in any terrorist loss was $907 million for a bomb explosion near NatWest tower in London in 1993. The insured property loss in Sep 11 attacks was $20 billion, about 22 times more than the highest previous loss. This huge increase in losses caught most of the insurers unaware and presented a scenario which was not modelled before. Table 2 Major terrorist attack losses Date Description Losses * $ Millions Sep 11, 2001 9/11 attacks 20,300 April 24, 1993 Bomb near NatWest tower in London 907 June 15, 1996 IRA bomb near Manchester Mall 744 February 26, 1993 Bomb in WTC Garage 725 April 10, 1992 Bomb in London Financial District 671 * Insured property loss Adjusted to 2001 price level (Source: Insurance Information Institute, 2002a) Sept. 11 terrorist attacks also showed the global integration of insurance industry. More than half of the final payouts were from non-US companies (Williams, 2002). Though this caused wide spread losses across borders, yet it also prevented more bankruptcies. The industry has learnt a lesson from this and now more insurers and re-insurers are forming pools to underwrite insurance. Insurance industry reaction Industry wide big changes in insurance sector normally occur at the time of some catastrophic events and losses. After Hurricane Andrew in 1992, insurers started charging high premiums in coastal zones and require special windstorm deductions. The post Sept. 11 insurance industry changes are similar to post Hurricane Andrew changes. Insurance industry has taken many steps to reduce potential losses. The first step was to raise premiums. The post Sept. 11 insurance premiums were much higher and it was not unusual to see premiums ranging from 7 percent to 10 percent of the stated value of coverage in the beginning of 2002 (Hartwig, 2002). Lloyds of London are now offering premiums ranging form 1 percent to 5 percent of the limit value (Hartwig, 2002). The price may fall further in future as the capacity in the insurance sector increases. The average increase in insurance premium was around 30 percent by the second half of 2002. The increase was caused by both reduction in capital supply and higher demand of insurance in light of increasing dangers. With the passage of time, the rise in premiums has slowed down again as more and more capital flows in the insurance industry and creates higher competition. The reduction in reserves post Sept. 11 coupled with regulatory capital requirement took many insurers and re-insurers to the capital markets. Insurance industry had raised total capital of $28 billion by June 2002 (Hartwig, 2002). Even though premiums will fall, it is unlikely that the coverage off ered will match pre Sept. 11 coverage. Airline industry was one of the hardest hit by the increase in insurance premiums. Coupled with high losses due to flight cancellations, it approached governments to bail it out. Many governments offered terror risk insurance to airlines. The increase in premiums has reduced the combined ratios to almost the lowest levels seen in the decade before Sept. 11 attacks. It reduces the reliance of insurers on investment income. The industry has seen that low investment returns and high terror losses can occur at the same time and hence it would be naà ¯ve to rely on investment returns to offset underwriting losses. The key lessons learnt by the insurance industry from Sept. 11 attacks are: Insurers are aware of larger potential losses Amount of risk capital required to support insurance is very high Reduced capacity results in supply versus demand pressures Insurance industry should not base its model on investment returns compensating underwriting losses The remaining part of the paper looks at the effects of Sept. 11 attacks on the insurance industry. Section II looks at the short term effects and section III studies the medium to long term effects. The paper concludes with section IV. SECTION II SHORT TERM EFFECTS Insurance industry had to immediately rise to the occasion which was not even properly thought also. Its short term reactions were key to the stability of financial industry. The following are the main short term effects of the Sept. 11 attacks on the insurance industry Ability to pay The attacks were the big test of global insurance industry and demonstrated the financial strength of the insurance industry. In spite of the negative returns from stock markets in 2000 and 2001, insurance industry has managed to pay insurance claims associated with Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. A major factor in that is the spread of payments over time. According to a study by A. T. Kearney, only about 15 percent of total claims were settled in 2001 and about 50 percent of claims were to be settled in 2002 and 2003. The remaining 35 percent of claims were to be settled in 2004 and beyond because of the nature of losses related to injury and pollution. The above spread of payouts means that insurers had to pay approx. $6 billion only in 2001, an amount absorbed by the insurance industry without much of financial damage. The primary insurers and re-insurers raised their premiums immediately after Sept. 11 and that will absorb or even exceed Sept. 11 attacks payout in remaining years. Only one re-insurer, Japanese re-insurer Taisei Fire and Marine, had to file for bankruptcy due to its high exposure in the aviation insurance sector. Ichiro Ozawa, the president of now bankrupt Japanese re-insurer Taisei Fire and Marine said that the loss from reinsurance was caused purely by the terrorist attacks and they could not foresee that such a huge loss would be generated because the four airplanes simultaneously crashed (BBC, 2001). Its position was further financially weakened by the Nov 12, 2001 crash of an American Airlines flight. Another re-insurer Copenhagen Re stopped accepting new business after Sep 11 attacks. But no primary insurer filed for bankruptcy. Another reason for insurance industrys ability to pay huge claims was the wide spread of risk among a large number of insurers and re-insurers. Till July 2002, a total of 119 insurers worldwide had announced their exposure to the Sept. 11 attacks (Hartwig, 2002). Widespread use of re-insurance was the key i n preventing large number of insolvencies. The table 3 below shows the estimated insurance losses related to Sept. 11 attacks in July 2002. The largest share of single insurer, Lloyds of London was only 7 percent. This shows the spread of insurance risks and the prominent reason behind just one bankruptcy due to Sept. 11 attacks. Table 3 Estimated losses of major re-insurers $ millions Estimated losses % of total losses Total losses 40,200 100% Lloyd of Londons 2,913 7% Munich Re 2,442 6% Swiss Re 2,316 6% Berkshire Hathaway 2,275 6% Allianz 1,323 3% (Source: Hartwig, 2002) The insurance industry ability to pay claims strengthened investors faith in it and helped the industry to raise further capital. Underwriting losses Prior to Sept. 11, insurance companies were earning overall profits mostly through returns on investments. But the two years of equity market losses in 2000 and 2001 forced insurance companies to re-look at their business strategy. The magnitude of Sept. 11 losses meant that equity returns werent enough to give overall positive profits. Insurance companies were forced to abandon the practice of accepting losses on underwriting business in the hope of covering loss by high investment returns. This means that insurers had to increase premiums to reduce dependence on investment returns. Price of insurance premiums Primary insurers and re-insurers have hiked their premiums since Sept. 11 terrorist attacks (General Accounting Office). The table 4 below shows the increase in insurance premiums across different lines of business in the first half of 2002. Table 4 Increase in insurance premiums in the first half of 2002 0% 1-10% 10-20% 20-30% 30-50% 50-100% 100% Workers Compensation 5 % 13 % 19 % 32 % 15 % 5 % 2 % General Liability 2 % 9 % 24 % 45 % 15 % 2 % 1 % Commercial Umbrella 2 % 4 % 10 % 20 % 27 % 17 % 16 % Commercial Property 3 % 4 % 16 % 30 % 31 % 13 % 1 % Business Interruption 3 % 8 % 32 % 33 % 10 % 1 % 0 % (Source: Hartwig, 2002) We can see that the percentage of no increases in insurance premiums for all lines is only in single digits. The median increase range is between 20 percent to 30 percent. Both commercial umbrella and commercial property insurance lines have similar percentages in 20-30 percent and 30-50 percent range which implies that mean for these insurance lines would be more than 30 percent most likely. In case of commercial umbrella, there were 16 percent insurers who increased the premiums in the first half of 2002 by more than 100 percent. In US, insurance premiums were already rising in 2000. General Accounting Office of US said that insurance premiums were already increasing for commercial coverage prior to Sept. 11 (General Accounting Office). It also said that insurance industry members told it that the increases were a part of the underwriting cycle normal. Yet the GAO acknowledges that the insurance losses from Sept. 11 terrorist attack almost certainly exacerbated the rise in premiums. Net written premiums rose by 5.1 percent in 2001 (Insurance Information Institute, 2000b). The increase in the insurance premium was a result of both decrease in supply and increase in demand. Decrease in supply capital. The high abnormal losses sustained due to Sep 11 attacks reduced the capacity available to the insurance industry for writing new business. Another factor contributing to the reduction of capital was the decline in equity markets. Equity markets were on a decline since March 2000 and as insurance companies invest a large part of their free cash in equities, it meant that they needed more reserves to offset losses suffered in the equity markets. Lower amount of capital meant that insurers could choose the policies and / or markets offering high insurance premiums. Increase in demand. The scale of losses from Sep 11 attacks again brought back the attention to the scale of risk businesses carried and the necessity of a mechanism to offset it. Well diversified companies in terms of geographical reach like British Petroleum have the option of â€Å"self-insurance†. BP decided based on the wide spread geographical spread of its business units and plants that an attack or a loss of a single location would not jeopardise the whole business. It is also unlikely that more than one location will face catastrophic disaster at the same time. Hence BP took the decision of not paying high insurance premiums every year. But less diversified businesses dont have this option. The terrorist attacks increased the demand of insurance policies from businesses. The fear of the loss increases demand and London insurers Catlin and Hiscox have predicted that the Katrina hurricane in USA would boost insurance demand and rates (Slater, 2005). Lloyds and other insurers predict t hat the Katrina hurricane would cause heavy losses but would be beneficial in the longer term as it will push prices for affected risks steeply up. At the same time there is some rationale justifying increase in insurance premiums. Insurance premiums normally follow cyclical trends based upon the capacity and willingness of primary and re-insurers to take risk. Prior to Sept. 11 attacks, the insurance premium rates had peaked in 1993 and since then they were on constant decline (OECD, 2002). The rates had only stabilised in 1999 and started moving up in 2000 only. Even after one year of premium increases since Sept. 11 attacks, the insurance premiums are still lower than the peaks seen in 1993. Underwriting losses Since 1975 till 2001, insurance industry had underwriting gains in only two years and that too in as early as 1977 and 1978. Since 1978 the insurance industry had consistently made underwriting losses and they were about $30 billion in 2000 also (Insurance Information Institute, 2002a). The increase in insurance premiums would reduce underwriting losses. Combined ratio The combined ratio for US reinsurance sector was highest and worst ever in 2001. It was 142.9 percent in 2001 and next highest ratio was 126.5 percent in 1992. This shows the extent of losses due to Sept. 11 attacks (Insurance Information Institute, 2002a). The combined ratio for Lloyds reinsurance in 2001 was 142 percent (Lloyds, 2001). The combined ratio was 116 percent for all lines combined ratio. The combined ratio for all lines combined was also highest in 2001 but the next high was 115.8 percent in 1992 (Insurance Information Institute, 2002a). So the impact on all lines combined ratio was not as bad as on re-insurers. High premiums post Sept. 11 attacks resulted in one of the lowest combined ratio in 2002. The combined ratio for the US reinsurance was 102.3 percent in the first quarter of 2002 and it was very close to the lowest of 100.5 achieved in the past one decade (Insurance Information Institute, 2002a). For all US lines combined, the ratio at 101.6 percent was the lowest in last one decade. This shows that the increase in premiums has significantly increased the profitability of insurance industry. Coverage The unprecedented high losses stemming from Sept. 11 attacks forced insurers to re-look at the range of risks covered. Another major post Sept. 11 step was the reduction of coverage offered by the insurance companies. Mr. Hess of Swiss Re said in 2002 that Swiss Re had cut its potential exposure to less than half for events similar to attack on World Trade Centres (Williams, 2002). Patrick Liedthe, Secretary General of the Geneva Association also reiterated the above point and said that the exposure of the global industry to terrorist attacks is much lower post Sept. 11 attacks (Williams, 2002). Terrorism exclusion One of the most significant policy changes in the post Sept. 11 insurance sector is the introduction of terrorism exclusion from general insurance policies. Insurance industry was covering terrorism related risks even after the first attacks on World Trade Centres in 1993 and Oklahoma City bombing in 1995. The fact that the risk was covered for very little or no prem ium immediately forced most of the insurers to exclude acts of terrorism from general insurance coverage. The other alternatives to terrorism exclusion were either to stop writing new business in soft target industries like commercial landmarks, chemical and power plants etc or to charge steep premiums to take care of more frequent terrorist attacks. The absence of statistically significant data hindered the quick development of rationally justified terrorism risk pricing. If insurers stop writing new business because of terrorism risk then it would expose businesses to financial risk from so many other events like fire, floods, etc. So it was better to exclude terrorism risk in the immediate aftermath rather than pricing irrationally or stop writing new business. After initial withdrawal period of terrorist related insurance, private insurance market again saw insurance products for these types of major attacks (OECD, 2002). Some of the insurance instruments like catastrophic bonds already existed in the private market even before Sept. 11 attacks. Catastrophic bonds are not actively traded and are mainly used for special events rather than being available for general use. The reluctance of insurers to cover terrorism insurance and the high premiums charged by many insurance companies has left many companies with no terrorism cover. In July 2002, about half of the businesses were not covered by terrorism cover at all (Hartwig, 2002). Only 14 percent of businesses had full coverage. This shows that only a minority of businesses are fully prepared to face terror risks. Even though most of the companies dont have self-insurance luxury that can be afforded by big multinationals like BP, they are not prepared to pay high insurance premiums to safeguard their business against terror attacks. Insurance Information Institute has a Rate On Line index which correlates the link between price of insurance and the limits of risk offered. The Rate On Line was 1 30 in 2001 and it increased to 215 in 2002 after steep increase in premiums and reduced limits (Insurance Information Institute, 2002a). Rebuild reserves. The high abnormal losses of Sept. 11 attacks resulted in $80 billion reduction in insurance industrys ability to meet future insurance claims (Williams, 2002). The reduced capital base and increase reserve requirement to handle equity losses mean that many companies were either unable to take any further shocks or had to raise further funds to strengthen their capital base. Many companies raised additional capital to meet regulatory capital requirements. By the end of 2001, insurers had raised $20 billion in new capital (Hartwig, 2002). And by June 2002, the total capital raised increased to $28 billion. The pace of capital raising slowed down significantly thereafter as the reserves rose due to higher premiums. It is hard to categorise the amount of capital raised separately into terrorism related insurance and other insurance lines. They thing important here is to note that Sept. 11 attacks acted as a catalyst for fund raising. Role of government As a result of complexity in pricing terrorist risks and associated high losses, many insurance firms withdrew risk coverage of terrorist attacks. This left many firms, vulnerable to such attacks, exposed to huge losses in case of terrorist attacks. US government then promulgated Terrorism Risk Insurance Act 2002 to cover major terrorist risks. Aviation insurance We now look at the aviation insurance industry, one of the two main insurance sectors affected by the Sept. 11 attacks. It was the first sector to react and it is a general belief that post Sept. 11 knee jerk reaction of the aviation insurance sector was an act of over reaction. Giles Williams of Wills Global Aviation said that the industry over reacted and it shouldnt expect profits in the year of its biggest loss (Shapiro, 2002). Aviation insurance sector lost $5.5 billion in 2001, out of which $3.97 billion was related to Sept. 11 attacks alone (Shapiro, 2002). The high loss prompted aviation insurers to not only swiftly raise premiums after the attacks but also impose new surcharges. Aviation insurers started charging $1.25 per passenger surcharge to replenish premiums. The increased premium and new surcharge increased insurance premium income by almost three folds in 2002. Aviation insurance premium totalled around $4 billion in 2001 as compared to around $1.2 billion in 2000 (Shapiro, 2002). Aviation insurers justified the increase by saying that the industry had suffered on average $1.7 billion loss each year between 1992 and 2000 (Shapiro, 2002). In addition to that insurers have to pay about $1.5 billion in administration, re-insurance and higher retention of primary insurers. One change welcomed by the airline industry is the better rationale for pricing. Previously aviation underwriters traditionally calculated liability premium by the kilometres travelled by the airplane. Indirect effect of insurance industry on non-insurance industries Sept. 11 attacks were probably the first insurance related event that had an impact beyond the directly related insurance sectors. It was expected that the attacks would lead to increase in premium for commercial property and airline insurance sectors. But the attacks put the focus on all sectors / industries that are thought to be soft targets for terrorist attacks. The rise in insurance risk premiums were more in line with their risk profile than any other factor. Natural terrorist attacks prone industries such as shipping, tourism and energy generation plants have faced some of the highest increases in insurance premiums. Commercial property and liability insurance rose by about 30 percent on average in one year after Sept. 11 attacks (OECD, 2002). â€Å"Target† structures those whose destruction can cause multiplier effect such as chemical and power plants and high rise office buildings saw even steeper increases. One thing to note is that the increase in premium s came after decade of decline. Even though the premiums have increased considerable the average insurance premium is still lower than the peaks seen in the decade before Sept. 11 attacks. Though the average insurance premium may still be lower than the levels seen in 1993, the insurance premium rates for â€Å"target† industries have risen sharply and hence the rise might be skewed too unfavourably for them. Reduced insurance coverage may hinder the availability of sufficient financial instruments to cover risks associated with terrorism. Lower investment and capital expenditure may have a negative impact on economy. Insurance industry took many steps immediately to correct the situation caused by the Sept. 11 attacks. We saw above that insurance premiums were raised, risks covered were reduced and many companies partially or fully withdrew from the terror risk insurance market. The above immediate steps did help the insurance industry to increase capital and profit ability in the short term. But the question looming is whether the insurance industry would be able to continue taking steps to maintain or increase its profitability. And how the short term steps would fare in medium or long term. SECTION III MEDIUM TO LONG TERM EFFECTS We now look at the medium to long term effects of the Sept. 11 attacks. The major effects are: Price of insurance premiums Post September 11, the net premiums in the US reinsurance industry increased by 14.1 percent in 2002, a rate of growth not seen since 1986 (Insurance Information Institute, 2002b). Lloyds mentioned in its 2001 Global Results pointed that early 2002 is seeing significant improvement in business conditions caused by higher demand and increased prices (Lloyds, 2001). The cost of insurance price dropped significantly in 1990s. The cost of risk to business dropped by 42 percent between 1992 and 2000 (Hartwig, 2002). If we add in the affect of inflation, the real drop in insurance premium would be much more. So sooner or later the insurance premiums had to increase. Insurance premiums also had to rise due to increasing medical and legal costs. The steep rise in insurance premiums attracted more capital to the insurance sector. In its Global Results for 2001, Lloyds pointed out that the inflow of capital, especially in Bermuda would slow down the increase in insurance premiums (Lloy ds, 2001). It is difficult to escape the cyclical nature of insurance sector. Increased capital will again increase competition leading to renewed price competition in the medium term. General Accounting Office of US government also pointed out that while there may be some examples of excessive price increases in the market, as long as insurance continues to be available, it is likely that competitive pressures will ultimately remedy that problem (General Accounting Office). Lloyds and US General Accounting Offices assessment of medium term slower growth in insurance premiums was correct. The US property and casualty insurance industrys net written premium growth was only 4.7 percent in 2004 as compared to 9.8 percent in 2003 (Insurance Information Institute, 2004). Pricing of terrorist attacks In Sept. 11 attacks, insurers lost heavily on life, building and airplane insurance at three different places including one for two World Trade Centre towers. It is extremely difficult to price the probability of multiple occurrences for such events. But we are seeing more of such events and it was demonstrated again in July 7, 2005 when four near simultaneous terrorist attacks shook Londons underground and bus network. It is difficult to price risks related to terrorism. Several factors contribute to this pricing conundrum. First, terrorist attacks are very less in numbers as compared to the frequency of other insured losses. So there is lack of sufficient data to model insurance premiums. Second important thing is the possibility of many catastrophic events occurring at the same time. Since Sept. 11 attacks, world has seen many more terrorist attacks. Though the losses suffered there are not significant to the scale of Sept. 11 destruction, yet the insurance industry is mor e aware of the scale of losses. The slowdown in insurance premium growth indicates that the insurance industry is now pricing terror risk more rationally. Coverage In a study conducted by Joint Economic Committee of Congress, US on terrorism insurance, the major finding was the limited market for terrorism related insurance post Sept. 11. Re-insurers started excluding terrorism from insurance policies in the beginning of Jan 2002. With no government assistance, primary insurers were forced to exclude terrorism related coverage from insurance policies too. US government soon introduced Terrorism Act of 2002 to act as insurer of last resort. Since then many primary insurers have re-started offering terrorism insurance. But the market is not as wide and deep as it was before Sept. 11 attacks. As re-insurers first excluded terrorism cover, primary insurers limited the coverage. Initial coverage was limited to at most $150 million. The coverage was also subject to higher deductible. Over time the limit has increased but it is no where near the previous coverage levels. Also some companies are not writing terror insurance policies. Even the o nes who are writing terror policies are defining limits properly. It is unlikely the commercial property and casualty insurance will ever get the same terror risk as was there before Sept. 11 attacks. Increased risk at primary insurers level The higher reinsurance costs have lead many primary insurers to retain higher amounts as reinsurance at lower levels is now too high and economically unviable. Primary insurers are still writing terror risk insurance policies but not taking reinsurance as the costs of high reinsurance dont justify taking them. They also want to keep higher proportion of insurance premiums with them to pay for terror attacks. But not taking reinsurance has left them exposed to high costs if any major terror attacks take place. There is a possibility of failure of such primary re-insurers. Capacity The capacity of the insurance industry is limited and as it has been demonstrated by the Sept. 11 attacks, the terrorism related losses could easily run into anything catastrophic. The insurance industry has managed to survive Sept. 11 attacks without much financial jitters. But a few more attacks of such scale can easily push a large number of insurers into bankruptcy. This will have an irreparable damage on not only the financial health of insurance industry but also on the general economy and growth. In June 2001, the aggregate claims paying ability of the property and casualty insurance industry was about $300 billion. The Sep 11 property and casualty losses are about 10 percent of the claim paying ability. Though the claims are to be paid over time, yet the payout represent a significant part of the claim paying ability. We should also exclude some categories like auto and home from the total property and casualty claim paying ability as the attacks targets were mainly comm ercial property. The surplus claim paying ability of the related insurance sectors was just $100 billion before Sept. 11 and fell to $80 billion after the attacks (Hartwig, 2002). The limited coverage with restrictive terms along with withdrawal of insurers from many markets meant that the insurance industry lost another $40 billion or so in capacity (Hartwig, 2002). The introduction of Terror Act 2002 by the US government increased investors confidence in the insurance industry. The bill brought back many insurers and hence increased the capacity. The increase in capacity slowed down the increase in insurance premiums. Market perception Stock markets are a good indicator of things to come. Fear of high Sept. 11 related claims led to dumping of insurance shares in the week after the Sept. 11 attacks. The insurance company shares fell by about 10 percent in the first week of trading after Sept. 11 attacks (Hartwig, 2002). Investors were also concerned about the possibility of more such large scale attacks. Warren Buffet mentioned that any nuclear attack by terrorists can wipe out the whole insurance industry (Hartwig, 2002). But the initial negative sentiment towards insurance shares soon reversed into a positive outlook. The sharp increase in premiums made investors take a re-look at the medium and long term profitability of the insurance industry. The positive outlook was also strengthened by the fact that only one re-insurer filed for bankruptcy. Investors also woke up to the idea of reducing exposure and tightening underwriting standards by the insurance industry. Who wouldnt like to invest in an industry which is increasing the price of its products yet at the same time offering less to its customers. It is a double win situation. Role of government Sept. 11 attack has also established a closer relationship between the insurance industry and governments. The US Senate passed the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 on June 18, 2002. The US President signed the bill on Nov 26, 2002. The insurance act is about sharing of terrorism related insurance losses between insurers and the government. The insurance industry was asked to retain certain amounts to meet terrorism related claims. The government was acting as re-insurer of last resort and agreed to pay 80 percent to 90 percent of the losses based on the amount of losses. The US government also capped its liability on all cases to $100 billion. The initial sharing agreement is for three years and the government will then review the extension at that stage. US governments intervention to take risk previously insured by the private sector was intended to be a short to medium term step. It was a step taken to restore public confidence in business. It appears that the knee je rk reaction of aviation insurers in increasing premiums has driven business out and brought government in. As aviation insurance sector had made losses in 8 out of 10 years prior to 2001, it was probably not the right insurance sector for private companies. Or is the government entry as insurer of last resort in US was inevitable? Airline industry was already reeling under heavy losses due to post Sep 11 flight cancellations, lower ticket sales and general poor state of economy. The high increase in premium made it very difficult for them to survive. US based airlines have formed Equitime, a company incorporated to cover war and terrorism risks. Over time it is expected to build a capacity of $1.5 billion to provide coverage for war and terrorism risks. The US federal government will act as the insurer of last resort. US government helped in setting up of Equitime by guaranteeing its role as insurer of last resort. Prior to that, the US government had little or no role in priv ate insurance market. But the governments across the world, especially in developed countries, have been acting as re-insurer of last resort. And these are the countries who have seen terrorism related violence in the past. UK had been facing IRA related terrorist attacks for decades. To take into account the potential of very high losses the government set up Pool Reinsurance. Under this scheme, there is limited private cover with additional excess cover for both property damage and business interruption made available for companies who join Pool Re. The UK government acts as re-insurer of last resort in case of insolvency. In Israel, terrorism risk is excluded from standard policies. Israeli government covers terrorism related property damage losses. Post Sep 11 attacks, France and Germany have also set up state sponsored re-insurers for terrorism related risks. In case of France, the membership of this re-insurer is compulsory for all members of French insurers associati on. The UK government also extended the terrorism insurance cover for commercial property in 2002. The increased threat and frequency of big terrorist attacks makes it very difficult for private insurers to cover all terrorism risks and governments entry either as a re-insurer of last resort or pool provider was inevitable. Alan Greenspan said to the Joint Economic Committee of US Congress that in situations of violence, the viability of free markets may require that the costs of insurance are borne by the taxpayer (Hartwig, 2002). So what was initially thought to be short or a medium term measure would probably become permanent. It is very difficult for governments to withdraw support. Since many other nations have not withdrawn such facility, US government would also keep it. Effect on small businesses The smaller firms are also feeling the post Sept 11 insurance changes. In UK, The Federation of Small Business has warned that soaring insurance costs of obligatory employers liability insurance premiums are forcing many small firms out of business. Small firms dont have negotiating power and are often squeezed by their bigger customers. They survive many times on tight margins and increase in insurance premiums may just be the tipping point for some to close business (Madslien, 2002) Insurance industry took immediate steps after Sept. 11 attacks to maintain its financial health. Many of those steps have medium to long term effects on insurance industry. The industry has been plagued by cyclical nature of high and low insurance premiums and low and high combined ratios. The premiums increased after Sept. 11. But the rate of growth has slowed down in the last year. The insurance industry target of around 90 percent combined ratio is still some distance but if it keeps increasing premium rates, even at a low rate, it might reach there. The only thorn in that achievement would be the industry itself, where low combined ratios pull in more capacity and higher competition lowers insurance premiums. SECTION IV CONCLUSION Sept. 11, 2001 attacks were the biggest terrorist attacks ever and exposed insurance industry to man made catastrophic losses. Terrorist attacks on Sept. 11 cost about $40 billion to the insurance industry and are almost double the losses from any event before that. Insurance industry though covered terror risk yet it wasnt either priced or was priced very less in the premiums. The loss faced by the commercial property insurance industry was about $10 billion and so was the loss in the business interruption line. Yet the insurance industry survived bankruptcies and assured the world of its ability to pay claims. This was due to the global nature of re-insurance industry and sharing of risks. Now more insurers and re-insurers are formi ng pools to underwrite insurance. The industry took quick steps of limiting or withdrawing terror cover. It is not easy to price terror and the easiest way out was to stop terror cover. This left many businesses exposed to high risk of terror. Over time more insurers have started offering terror cover but have limited their scope of losses. This is one of the major impact of Sept. 11 attacks and it is unlikely that the insurance industry will ever offer pre Sept. 11 terror cover. It also increased premiums to make up the losses in the next few years. The increase was about 30 percent on average across most of insurance lines of business. The premiums have been increasing since then and have resulted in some of the lowest combined ratios in the last 15 years. But the lure of higher premiums has brought in more capacity into the insurance market. This has again increased competition and led to lower growth in insurance premiums. Insurance industry should try not to again fall in to cyclical trend of high and low premiums. It should learn the lesson now of now basing its model on investment returns compensating underwriting losses. Back to: Custom Essays BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES BBC (2001). â€Å"Japanese insurers reel†, https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1669703.stm General Accounting Office. https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02472t.pdf Hartwig, R.P. (2002). â€Å"One Hundred Minutes of Terror that Changed the Global Insurance Industry Forever†, Insurance Information Institute Insurance Information Institute (2000). â€Å"2000 Year End Results†, Insurance Information Institute, https://www.iii.org/media/industry/financials/2000yearend/ Insurance Information Institute (2002a). â€Å"The Long Shadow of September 11 Impact Implication for Insurers and Reinsurers†, Insurance Information Institute, www2.iii.org/media/presentations/sept11/ Insurance Information Institute (2002b). â€Å"2002 Year End Results†, Insurance Information Institute, https://www.iii.org/media/industry/financials/2002yearend/ Insurance Information Institute (2004). â€Å"2004 Year End Resultsâ₠¬ , Insurance Information Institute, https://www.iii.org/media/industry/financials/2004yearend/ Lloyds (2001). Global Results, 2001, https://www.lloyds.com/index.asp?ItemId=2416 Madslien, J. (2002). BBC. https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/world/2002/september_11_one_year_on/2207645.stm OECD (2002). â€Å"Economic Consequences of Terrorism†, www.oecd.org/dataoecd/11/60/1935314.pdf Shapiro, S. (2002). â€Å"Aviation markets Sept. 11 response debated†, Business Insurance, Chicago, Aug 5, 2002, Vol. 36 Slater, S. (2005). â€Å"Catlin and Hiscox see Katrina loss but rates boost†, www.reuters.co.uk, 12 September 2005 Williams, F. (2002). â€Å"Attacks force insurers to rethink strategy†, www.ft.com, Sep 10, 2002 More Free Finance Essays Get free finance essays from our extensive online resource library. Hundreds of example essays available from all the major essay topics to help you with your research Please note: The above essay was written by a student and then submitted to us to display and help others. Thanks to all the students who have submitted work to us.

An Argumentative Essay on Eating Disorders

<h1>An Argumentative Essay on Eating Disorders</h1><p>An pugnacious exposition on dietary issues is a consistent guide for the understudy to make one. This is basically an exposition that you could post on some conversation gatherings to get an assortment of feelings. In the event that you think that its hard to compose, you could buy this book contains an astounding blueprint for you to get started.</p><p></p><p>There are a few reasons why individuals who devour food choose to do as such for some explanation. Some may have just observed anorexia, bulimia, and different issue in the news, which drove them to create dietary issues. Whatever the explanation, a pugnacious article on dietary problems will give you an approach to attempt to comprehend it all.</p><p></p><p>The contentious exposition on dietary problems may help with each theme that you read about. On the off chance that you don't comprehend why a specific ty pe of heftiness is connected to misery, you might have the option to find out about the connections to anorexia and bulimia. Much of the time, the body might be misbehaving a direct result of dietary problems, which are considered amazingly confounded. The individual with the turmoil might be extremely confounded, however as you study this book, you may discover that dietary issues can be brought about by your body responding to specific nourishments or even worries at work or school.</p><p></p><p>Writing this kind of article isn't something that you should stress over on the off chance that you are deficient with regards to understanding. You can without much of a stretch get an article that contains this kind of data when you study a pugnacious paper on dietary issues. You should focus on the subtleties in each passage, which is important.</p><p></p><p>The article that you make will be long, however that is alright in light of the fa ct that this subject is mind boggling. You should examine different assets on the off chance that you need to compose a decent paper on stoutness. There are a wide range of kinds of measurements that you could use to back up your points.</p><p></p><p>A theory proclamation is required in any exposition that is going to address weight. The thought behind this piece of the exposition is to advanced a solitary thought. It is basic that you look at what is instructed in the article, and afterward line it up with a point that will be bolstered with facts.</p><p></p><p>The word tally of the exposition is consistently significant. In case you're composing an article on dietary problems, you ought to endeavor to make a little more than one hundred and fifty pages. On the off chance that you run into issue with this number, you may need to bring down the word count.</p><p></p><p>If you experience difficulty with this sort of paper or are experiencing difficulty getting your thoughts over, you might need to investigate different strategies. In any case, in the event that you can deliver a factious exposition on dietary problems, you will probably need to discover a coach that has a lot of involvement in this subject. This is on the grounds that the individual expositions that are expounded on dietary issues are frequently of a more significant level than numerous different articles that you may find.</p>

Research Paper Topics About China and Korea - How to Study Them

Research Paper Topics About China and Korea - How to Study ThemThere are several topics about China and Korea that you should consider. You may not be aware of it, but there are a lot of different aspects to these two countries that you need to know. The cultures are very different and they are two countries which are growing rapidly and are going to continue to do so in the future. Not many people are familiar with their cultural differences, but this is a good thing because it means that you will have a better idea about the two countries and what makes them different.In the world of technology, Korea is quite far ahead of China. Both these countries are home to some of the most technologically advanced countries in the world. China is very technologically advanced and has shown an immense amount of growth throughout the years. However, Korea is catching up.One of the research paper topics about China and Korea that you need to look into is energy. The two countries are very simila r when it comes to the use of energy, but they also have some differences. Of course, China uses coal, but so does most of the rest of the world. Coal is highly sought after by every nation on the planet, and if you were to put together an energy grid between two countries, you would see that coal is king.You will also want to study the environment. You need to know about the pollution that is caused by the three countries. There are tons of environmental laws that are currently on the books in both countries, but China is so far ahead of the United States in terms of respect for the environment. If you want to be a good conservationist, then you need to know about how much pollution each country causes.Another research paper topics about China and Korea that you should study is the place of money. You need to understand this because of the huge amount of money that is traded around the world. Many countries are greatly affected by the value of money. In the long run, it can have a big effect on a country's economy.Research paper topics about China and Korea should also take a look at the crime rate. In the U.S., crime is on the decline, but in China and Korea, the rate of crime is on the rise. If you really want to protect your family and yourself, you need to know about the countries that are doing this.These are just a few of the research paper topics about China and Korea that you should look into. These topics will help you learn about the countries and give you a better understanding of the culture and the way that the people are living their lives.

Sample Essay Writing on Bus Training

Test Essay Writing on Bus TrainingSample exposition composing on transport preparing is useful in empowering one to complete his/her own groundwork for the test. You might be sure that your instructor has heaps of test expositions for you to utilize, however you are as yet confounded with respect to how to do it. You have almost certainly that you are excelling on the article test, however you don't know about the correct approaches to address the various decision questions thus forth.Well, here is a case of how you can set up a decent example paper for exposition addresses which are in every case more testing than the example papers which you get for the test. This is done in a casual way so as to perceive how it should be possible in the handy aspect.The initial step is expound on your transport venture from home to class, home to school, school to occupation and home to office. You might be certain that you have a thought regarding where your transport excursion would occur from y our folks, or you may have discovered it in the wake of talking with your instructors. Yet, when you begin composing your exposition, you should ensure that you focus on some part of your outing, regardless of whether it is just portraying the view, eating food and so on. On the off chance that you don't figure out how to make it individual, you can pick an alternate exposition theme, as long as you depict the experience of experiencing the journey.One thing that you ought to always remember to compose an example article is that the paper is for yourself. You ought to never lie or overstate or utilize any sorts of bogus articulation. On the off chance that you can't compose as precisely as the educators would expect, you ought to compose as honestly as could reasonably be expected, to appear to be believable. Try not to make things hard for yourself by making a mistake.If you are in question, you can counsel the assistance of an individual whom you know and trust. He can propose you how to word your inquiries, and give you tips on the most proficient method to abstain from turning into a genuine or a beguiling exposition author. He may likewise propose your approach to make it as honest as could be expected under the circumstances. Be that as it may, be cautious, and don't make him your companion, as he might be enticed to inform your companions concerning your essay.Before you present the paper, you have to look at for botches. You can generally utilize the PC to check your work. In the event that there are botches, you should make a remedy or reformatting before presenting the article. Ensure that you have a perfect duplicate of the article as the instructor is bound to give you an alternate paper on the off chance that you didn't compose a decent example exposition. Yet, on the off chance that you discover a misstep in your article, don't spare a moment to send it back to the educator as this can prevent you from finding the opportunity to rehearse your pap er composing skills.One thing that you have to recollect, regardless of whether you are filling in as a private understudy or in the event that you are required to go to class, is that exposition composing for tests is an unpleasant thing. Ensure that you pick a guide that would assist you with preparing your article to breeze through the test.

7 IELTS Essay Samples of Band 9 Students

<h1>7 IELTS Essay Samples of Band 9 Students</h1><p>Any understudy who needs to compose a BSC or Business subjects paper will have the option to get some great data on the best way to do this through after seven ielts exposition tests of band 9 understudies. These 7 models are intended to make an understudy mindful of the different alternatives that he can look over while composing his exposition and how the composition and article position must be fitting with the subject matter.</p><p></p><p>The first paper test is from the subject of garments. It is intended to give an understudy some thought of how he can compose an exposition on this point in a fitting manner. The inquiries that he needs to reply in this exposition are the following;</p><p></p><p>What are the qualities of design styles? What is the noteworthiness of design styles in our society?</p><p></p><p>What causes an individual to fee l good in accomplishing something, yet causes him to feel awkward when he needs to do it once more? What are the attributes of solace and non-comfort?</p><p></p><p>What qualities of the groups 9 that can be found in these circumstances? By what method would this be able to be seen from the perspective on other people?</p><p></p><p>An article needs to have three focal thoughts or topics that make it into a paper. These three components of the article are the language, the subject, and the style.</p><p></p><p>The points that are given in the case of this paper are associated with what is being examined in the class. A few models incorporate; food, nature, space, time, working conditions, music, craftsmanship, science, and texture. Every one of these points are connected to the principle subject and subsequently cause this an extraordinary guide to assist understudies with understanding the importance of various ki nds of topics in school.</p><p></p><p>The next article tests are planned to tell an understudy about various methods of composing an exposition. These depend on; issues, for example, requirement for certain subjects to be composed appropriately, legitimate custom of the article, and what is required from the understudy recorded as a hard copy an essay.</p>

Using Reddit For Your Term Papers

Using Reddit For Your Term PapersWe can learn a lot from those of us who have a bit of flair for the written word and can use that flair to find great academic topics to write term papers about. The subreddits of the popular site Reddit are an excellent resource to learn how to find topics and research topics for the term paper. It is possible to get caught up in the usual Reddit discussion and immediately enter into some real intellectual and creative thinking. Here are just a few tips to help you get started.Go to your university library and find out if they have any magazines on the topic of academia. You can find topics with many related topics. Look at the blog or website that covers the topic and see if you can identify any trends. If you are interested in writing a term paper about science, then you may want to look at how scientists think and act. Science is really a part of human life and should be a subject that one can touch on in their term papers.When you find a subject that you want to write about for your term papers, then you will want to do some research. How much money do you have to spend on the topic? Also, how much time do you have to devote to the topic? Sometimes the topic may not be what you expect it to be. That is ok, do a little more research and figure out what you need to do in order to complete the topic.If you need some help with this, you may want to take a look at some sites online that help you with term papers. They offer step by step instructions on how to do the term paper. Most of them require that you submit an essay that can range from 400 to 500 words. These essays often take a long time to do, but they can help you make sense of your paper and make it as good as possible.If you use this information, then you will be able to work on your term papers easier. This is also a great way to develop your own style of writing for your term papers. The easier the topic is, the easier the essays are likely to be.In addition to usi ng these sites, there are other ways to get ideas for term papers. Try to find some good sources of ideas for papers, and do some reading on the topic. Your professors are usually willing to help you with this.The subreddit of Reddit can also be a great source of ideas for term papers. Check it out and look for topics related to your chosen area of study. A lot of people share links to the topics of their interest on this subreddit, so there is a lot of potential to find topics for your term papers. It is also an excellent way to get some good ideas for terms or papers.Using these methods, you can learn how to write term papers from Reddit. It is possible to find topics and research topics for term papers that can be quite interesting and can help you build a solid academic foundation for your future.

The Debate Over Cheap Essay Writing Service Canada

<h1> The Debate Over Cheap Essay Writing Service Canada </h1> <h2>The Death of Cheap Essay Writing Service Canada </h2> <p>You may even go for an accessible essayist to correspondence board, which gives a prompt correspondence between the writer and the client. In the event that you are preparing to complete your least expensive exposition composing administration at a college, settling on a decent altering administration is pivotal to your prosperity. Magnificent top notch papers would show the business enlists just qualified essayists and you may then make certain of getting an astounding paper. In the first place, the standard of composing. </p> <h2>The 30-Second Trick for Cheap Essay Writing Service Canada </h2> <p>It's essential to do a reasonable research for a modified article composing administration before you're probably going to put in a request with them. Solicitation reports on the paper normally so you can screen it. You can arrange any paper you need. Everybody can discover a sensibly estimated paper of introductory letter for office partner quality by methods for a modified technique. </p> <p>As you likely definitely know, your postulation should be extremely close to consummate and employing an altering administration is an extraordinary way to clean your report. The informative subject might be from any zone and the substance should be general or custom. Altered article altering destinations for an incredible buckle down. </p> <h2> Cheap Essay Writing Service Canada </h2> <p>It isn't hard to choose the least expensive paper composing administration by just contrasting the costs offered by different redid exposition composing specialist organizations. On the off chance that you were unable to find a decent custom composing administration that would give great rates, you. In reality, before making a request you're ready to discover a value quote on your article. 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Should a College Essay Address the Admissions Officers Or Focus on Its Own Content?

<h1>Should a College Essay Address the Admissions Officers Or Focus all alone Content?</h1><p>Should a school paper address the affirmations officials or spotlight on its own substance? The fundamental issue with this inquiry is that the choice to address affirmations officials is an abstract one. While this might be valid, the genuine issue lies in the way that the substance of a school paper is a significant thought for the affirmations officials, and the subjects tended to ought to be exceptionally obvious to them. Subsequently, the paper should concentrate on a fundamental point, while permitting the other substance to move around the theme.</p><p></p><p>The initial segment of a school article is known as the presentation. This is a decent spot to survey your own experience and the subjects of your paper. It likewise gives a way to perusers to get a thought of what the paper is all about.</p><p></p><p>An initial se ction is required in the presentation. This passage ought to examine why you are composing the article. It ought to likewise enlighten perusers concerning your inclinations, objectives, objectives and territories of solidarity. In the event that conceivable, this passage ought to likewise depict how you intend to utilize your strengths.</p><p></p><p>Some expositions utilize target language. Others don't. It is basic to express that you are composing the article dependent on your suppositions, and that the sentiments you use in the exposition are not proposed to be an assault on someone else's very own convictions. The presentation ought exclude assaults or analysis of anybody's character or beliefs.</p><p></p><p>After the presentation, the second piece of the exposition is known as the last section. This is the place you start to compose your substance. It is additionally the piece of the exposition where the real substance of the pape r is talked about. Be that as it may, as referenced prior, it is exceptionally hard to figure out what this area of the article should address. It is ideal to investigate different pieces of the article to help answer this question.</p><p></p><p>If the subject of the last section is a postulation articulation, the following stage is to compose an announcement of it. In doing as such, it is ideal to give a contention to the announcement just as different focuses to help the theory proclamation. It is likewise essential to ensure the announcement contains a strong supporting contention. This will be your greatest obstacle to the reader.</p><p></p><p>The third piece of the exposition is known as the end, which is the place you utilize the article to repeat your proposition proclamation and to give an end to the paper itself. The end must be solid and ought to unmistakably express your last point. Without a solid end, the article isn't com plete.</p><p></p><p>Remember, a school paper must handle three principle subjects so as to be successful. An elegantly composed and solid school paper will make its perusers agreeable, particularly in the event that they concur with the material being presented.</p>

The Indian Removal Act Necessary - 1886 Words

Section 1: Identification an Evaluation of sources This investigation will explore the question: To what extent was the Indian Removal Act necessary in the eyes of the U.S. Government? The first source is www.digitalhistory.uh.edu. The origin of this source is valuable because the web site was designed to support the teaching of American History in K-12 schools and colleges. A U.S. history textbook is included on this web site. The site also includes a historical overview, and image, links to Digital History textbook chapters, historic maps, bibliographies, classroom handouts, chronologies, film guides, charts, primary source documents, historic newspaper articles. Digital History offers fact checks, an interactive timeline that links to primary source documents, and an overview of American history. They also have learning modules; each of which includes recommended documents, films, and historic images, and teaching resources including lesson plans, fact checks, and activities. The purpose is to give accurate historical references for both teachers and students. This is valuable, for it indicates that an extended period of time has been examined, and gives a detai led timeline of events that happened related to my question. However, the fact that the author covers about 70 years of history when my question is looking at about 10 years of time takes away from the detail that could have been added to the events that I’m covering. The second source evaluated in depth isShow MoreRelatedAndrew Jackson And The Removal Policy820 Words   |  4 Pagessuccess as a general but also for his actions as president. The Removal Policy is still discussed today because of the question of whether or not the removal of Native Americans benefited them or not. The intent of Jacksons actions is controversial because it is not clear if he acted in the best interest of Native Americans or for white settlers. Robert Reminis writing Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars he concludes that Jacksons removal act was the only way to protect the Native Americans from conflictRead MoreAndrew Jackson Indian Removeal Policy Essay1197 Words   |  5 PagesWas Andrew Jacks ons Indian Removal Policy Motivated by Humanitarian Impulses? Authors: Anthony F. C. Wallace, Robert V. Remini, A Summary By: History 2111 Summer 2011 A summary comparison of views regarding the Indian Removal Act of 1830, Was it an act of humanitarianism intended to help and save the Native American culture from the white settlers, as Robert V. Remini has argued? Or was his intent to destroy the tribal culture and to get rid of the Native Americans, as Anthony F.C WallaceRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act Of 18301299 Words   |  6 Pagesand complex views when approaching this subject matter; however, in 1830 President Andrew Jackson passed the Indian Removal Act, which forced Indians to relocate from their homelands in south east to land west of the Mississippi river. This granted the U.S. a large portion of new rich land, unfortunately it was at the expense of the Native Americans. When passing the Indian Removal Act of 1830, President Jackson relied on teleological utilitarianism ethnic views, in that he focused on the advancementRead MoreNative American Perspective on Indian Removal Act807 Words   |  4 PagesIn May 1830, Co ngress passed the Indian Removal Act which forced Native American tribes to move west. Some Indians left swiftly, while others were forced to to leave by the United States Army. Some were even taken away in chains. Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, strongly reinforced this act. In the Second State of the Union Address, Jackson advocated his Indian Policy. There was controversy as to whether the removal of the Native Americans was justified under the administrationRead MoreRemoval Act of 1830 Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesRemoval Act of 1830 Two distinct cultures existed on this Earth with the migration of man many thousands of years ago from Eurasia to the American continent. The people from the migration to the Americas had absolutely no contact with the people in Europe and Asia after they migrated. In fact, the two civilizations evolved in totally different manners, and at different speeds. The people in the Americas, or Native Americans existed mainly as hunter-gatherers using tools of bone, wood, andRead MoreIndian Removal Act Of 1830923 Words   |  4 PagesIt gives me pleasure to announce to Congress . . . the removal of the Indians beyond the white settlements is approaching to a happy consummation† (Jackson, 1830, para.1). With promises of new lands, protection, and monies, President Andrew Jackson portrays the Indian Removal Act of 1830 as beneficial to Indians, wherein governmental financial gain is incidental. However, when considering land transactions and gold discoveries, the true beneficiarie s are revealed. While strengthening the States’Read MoreIndian Removal Act Of 1830923 Words   |  4 Pagesbut the Cherokee removal was the cruelest work I ever knew†, remarked a Georgia soldier who had participated in the removal of Indian Natives during the mid-1800’s. As a result of the Indian Removal Act, Indian natives have been perceived as mistreated and cheated throughout history. The Indian Removal Act was passed during the presidency of Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. This act granted authorization to the president to exchange unsettled lands west of Mississippi for Indian lands residing inRead MoreThe Long, Bitter Trail1195 Words   |  5 PagesSamuel Pinkhasov The Long, Bitter Trail The Indian Removal Act was very controversial during its time, receiving influence from individuals, local, state and mostly by the federal government. This act gave the president, Andrew Jackson, the authority to make transactions with Indian tribes in the Southern region of the United States. The Indian Removal Act was a deal made by President Andrew Jackson with the Indian tribes, forcing them to leave their occupied land, which happened to be federalRead MoreMississippi History: Indian Removal Act, 13th Amendment, and Reverend George Lee655 Words   |  3 Pagescultural changes, and writers. Indian Act Removal Act, 13th Amendment, and Reverend George Lee played a big impact Mississippi current status. The Removals of Indians increased the Europeans power and lessened the Indian population. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery. Reverend George Lee was shot down for urging blacks to vote. All these contributed to Mississippi History. The Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. The act authorized him to negotiateRead MoreDid Andrew Jacksons Removal Act Benefit the Indians? Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesRobert V. Remini shows that Andrew Jackson’s Indian Removal Act benefits the Native Americans. Andrew Jackson made notice of the issue with the Indians in his inaugural speech on March 4, 1829. He declared that he wanted to give humane and considerable attention to the Indian’s rights and wants in respect to the government and people. Jackson knew that meant to get rid of all remaining tribes beyond the Mississippi River. He (Jackson) believed that the Indians would be better off in the west; without